IELTS Academic · Mock Test 1  |  Listening · Reading · Writing · Speaking
Academic · Mock Test 1

A complete timed IELTS test

Sit this exactly like the real exam: Listening (~30 min) then Reading (60 min) then Writing (60 min). Speaking is done separately. You can type your answers into the boxes. Do not open an answer key until you finish the whole section.

01

Listening

4 sections, 40 questions, about 30 minutes. Play each section’s audio once only. Spelling is graded — a misspelt word is marked wrong. Type your answers in the boxes.

Section 1 · Questions 1–10
🎧 Section 1 audio

Questions 1–7

Complete the form. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Riverside Sports Club — Membership Enquiry

1 Caller’s surname:

2 Type of membership chosen:

3 Monthly fee: £

4 Preferred start date: the of June

5 Main sport of interest:

6 Free induction lasts: minutes

7 Item to bring to the first session: a

Questions 8–10

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

8Parking at the club is
9The swimming pool is closed on
10The caller decides to
Section 2 · Questions 11–20
🎧 Section 2 audio

Questions 11–15

Complete the notes. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Hartwood Country Park — visitor talk

11 The park first opened to the public in .

12 The most popular trail is called the Walk.

13 Visitors are asked not to feed the .

14 The cafe is located next to the .

15 Free guided tours start at every day.

Questions 16–20

Which feature is found at each location? Choose the correct letter A–G and type it in the box.

Features:   A  bird hide  ·  B  old mill  ·  C  playground  ·  D  rose garden  ·  E  boathouse  ·  F  car park  ·  G  lookout tower

16 North of the lake:

17 Beside the main entrance:

18 At the top of the hill:

19 Along the river:

20 Behind the cafe:

Section 3 · Questions 21–30
🎧 Section 3 audio

Questions 21–25

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

21The students’ project is mainly about
22Maria is mainly worried that their survey sample is
23The tutor advises them to
24They agree to collect data over a period of
25So far, the hardest part of the project has been

Questions 26–30

Who will do each task? Type J (Jacob), M (Maria) or B (both).

26 Design the questionnaire:

27 Analyse the numbers:

28 Write the introduction:

29 Prepare the slides:

30 Check the references:

Section 4 · Questions 31–40
🎧 Section 4 audio

Questions 31–40

Complete the lecture notes. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Lecture: a short history of artificial light

31 The earliest lamps burned animal .

32 Roman lamps were usually made of .

33 Gas lighting first appeared in city .

34 Early electric bulbs used a carbon .

35 The main advantage of electric light over flame was greater .

36 Factories were now able to operate during the .

37 One modern drawback discussed is light .

38 Artificial light at night can disturb the of birds.

39 Compared with older bulbs, LEDs save a great deal of .

40 The speaker predicts that future lighting will become more .

Full transcript (Sections 1–4)
SECTION 1

You will hear a conversation between a man called Tom at Riverside Sports Club and a woman called Karen Donovan, who is enquiring about membership. First you have some time to look at questions 1 to 7.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 1 to 7.

RECEPTIONIST: Good afternoon, Riverside Sports Club, Tom speaking. How can I help? CALLER: Oh, hello. Yes, I hope you can. A friend of mine is a member with you, and she is always telling me how good the club is, so I am thinking of joining myself. Would you mind if I asked a few questions first? RECEPTIONIST: Not at all, that is exactly what I am here for. Can I start by taking your name? CALLER: Yes, of course. It is Karen Donovan. RECEPTIONIST: Is that Donovan with an O? CALLER: That is right. D-O-N-O-V-A-N. Donovan. People often try to put a U in it for some reason. RECEPTIONIST: I can imagine. Right then, Karen, let me explain how membership works here. We have three options. There is the basic membership, which gives you the gym and the pool during off-peak hours only, so that is weekday mornings and early afternoons. Then there is the standard membership, which gives you full access at any time we are open, seven days a week. And finally there is the premium, which includes everything in the standard, plus unlimited fitness classes, so yoga, spinning, circuit training, that sort of thing. CALLER: I see. I do like the sound of the classes, but the premium is probably a bit much for me, at least to begin with. And the off-peak one would not really work, because I am at work during the day. I think the standard membership is the right one for me. RECEPTIONIST: Standard it is, and honestly, that is what suits most people best. Now, in terms of cost, the standard is normally fifty pounds a month. However, you are calling at a good time, because we are running a summer promotion at the moment, so it is actually forty-five pounds a month, and that price is fixed for your whole first year. CALLER: Forty-five a month, that is very reasonable. Is there a joining fee on top of that? RECEPTIONIST: There usually is, but that is waived during the promotion as well, so there is nothing extra to pay. CALLER: Even better. And when could I start? Does it have to be from the first of the month? RECEPTIONIST: No, not at all. You can start whenever suits you, and we simply adjust the first payment. Did you have a date in mind? CALLER: Well, I am away visiting family at the start of June, so could I begin on the fourteenth of June? RECEPTIONIST: The fourteenth of June. Let me just make a note of that. Yes, that is absolutely fine. And is there a particular sport or activity you are mainly interested in? It helps us to know. CALLER: Mainly swimming. I actually used to swim competitively at school, and I would love to get back into it properly. I might try the gym at some point as well, but swimming is definitely the main thing for me. RECEPTIONIST: Lovely. The pool here is twenty-five metres with six lanes, and we keep two lanes free for lane swimming all day. Now, one thing you should know: every new member gets a free induction with one of our instructors. They show you around the whole club, explain the equipment, and help you set some realistic goals. It used to be thirty minutes, but people found that a little rushed, so we have extended it, and it now lasts sixty minutes. CALLER: A full sixty minutes, that is generous. RECEPTIONIST: And for that first session, the only thing you need to bring is a towel. Everything else, lockers, padlocks, even shampoo in the changing rooms, is provided by the club. CALLER: Just a towel. Got it.

Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 8 to 10.

Now listen and answer questions 8 to 10.

CALLER: Can I ask about a couple of practical things while I have you? What is the parking situation like? RECEPTIONIST: Ah yes, parking. It used to be completely free, and I know some of our longer-standing members still grumble about the change, but I am afraid it is now two pounds per visit, and that applies to members as well as visitors. The machine takes cards, and the car park is open every day, including weekends, from six in the morning. CALLER: Two pounds, fair enough. That is still cheaper than parking on the street around there. And the pool, is it open every day? I would mostly be coming in the evenings after work. RECEPTIONIST: The pool is open daily, from half past six in the morning until ten at night. The only exception is that it is closed on Wednesday afternoons, between one and five, for cleaning and maintenance, so do bear that in mind. Evenings tend to be busier than mornings, but if you come after eight it usually quietens down again. CALLER: Good to know. Well, you have been really helpful, thank you. I have to say, though, before I actually sign anything, I think I would like to come in and have a look around first, just to get a feel for the place. RECEPTIONIST: That is a very sensible idea, and honestly, most people prefer to do exactly that rather than joining over the phone. There is no need to book anything. Just come to reception any day and ask whoever is on duty for a tour. It takes about twenty minutes, and you can see the pool, the gym and the studios. CALLER: Perfect. I will pop in later this week, then. Thanks so much for your help, Tom. RECEPTIONIST: You are very welcome, Karen. Hopefully we will see you soon.

That is the end of section 1. You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Now turn to section 2.

SECTION 2

You will hear a guide giving an introductory talk to a group of visitors at Hartwood Country Park. First you have some time to look at questions 11 to 15.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 15.

GUIDE: Good morning everyone, and a very warm welcome to Hartwood Country Park. My name is Ellen, I am one of the rangers here, and I will be giving you a short introduction before you head off and explore. First, a little history, because people are always curious. The land here was originally a private estate belonging to the Hartwood family, who lived in the big house you can see across the valley. After the Second World War the family could no longer maintain the estate, and it was given to the local council. The park was then landscaped and first opened to the public in 1958, so we have been welcoming visitors for well over sixty years now, and some local families have been coming here for three generations. Now, walking. We have several waymarked trails of different lengths, all starting from this point. The longest is the Hill Circuit, which is about eight kilometres and quite demanding in places, so proper footwear is a must. At the other end of the scale there is the gentle Riverside Loop, just under two kilometres, completely flat, and very popular with families and pushchairs. But by far the most popular trail, especially at this time of year, is the Bluebell Walk. In late spring the woodland floor along that route turns completely blue, it really is a wonderful sight, and it does get very busy at weekends, so if you want photographs without crowds, do come early in the morning. A couple of important rules while you are here. You are very welcome to bring food for yourselves, and there are picnic tables in several places, but please do not feed the deer. We have a small herd that roams freely in the northern half of the park, and although they will happily take bread and crisps from visitors, human food actually makes them quite ill, so please admire them from a distance and keep your food to yourselves. Dogs are welcome everywhere in the park, but they must be kept on a lead at all times, again mainly because of the deer. And please take your litter home with you or use the bins by the gates. Now, refreshments. If you would like a coffee or something more substantial, the cafe is located next to the lake, in a lovely position with a terrace looking straight out over the water, and you can watch the ducks while you eat. It serves drinks and cakes all day, and hot food until three o'clock. And finally, if you would like some company on your walk, free guided tours leave from this very spot, just here by the information board, at eleven o'clock every day of the year, and they last about an hour. The rangers who lead them know the park inside out, so do join one if you can.

Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 16 to 20.

Now listen and answer questions 16 to 20.

GUIDE: Right, let me quickly describe the layout of the park so you do not get lost, because it is bigger than it looks. We are standing at the main entrance, and right beside us, immediately on your left as you came through the gates, is the car park, which you have probably just walked through. From here, the main path leads down towards the lake, which is the heart of the park. If you follow the shore round to the north side, so the far side of the lake from where we are now, you will find the bird hide. It is a wooden building with viewing slots, and it is excellent for photography, especially early in the morning when the herons and kingfishers are feeding and the light is coming across the water. On the near shore of the lake, just below us here, there is the boathouse, and in the summer months you can hire a rowing boat from there by the hour, which children absolutely love. Now, if you are feeling energetic, follow the main path as it climbs, and at the very top of the hill you will come to a lookout tower. It is a bit of a climb, I will be honest, about twenty minutes of steady uphill walking, but the view from the top across the whole valley is more than worth it, and on a clear day you can see the cathedral in the city. The river runs along the eastern edge of the park, and if you walk along the riverside path you will eventually come to the old mill. It is a lovely red-brick building, it still has its original water wheel, which turns when the river is high, and inside it is now a small museum about the history of the estate, which is free to enter. There is also a beautiful rose garden a short stroll from the entrance along the western path, which is at its very best in June, so you have timed your visit well. And finally, for those of you with children, just behind the cafe there is a large playground with swings, a climbing frame and a zip wire, so the little ones can burn off some energy while you have a coffee on the terrace. Right, that is everything from me. Any questions before you set off?

That is the end of section 2. You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Now turn to section 3.

SECTION 3

You will hear two students, Jacob and Maria, discussing their project on food waste with their tutor. First you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 25.

TUTOR: Come in, both of you, sit down. So, it has been a couple of weeks since we last spoke. How is the project going? Remind me of the focus, first of all. JACOB: Thanks. Well, originally we were going to look at recycling habits in the student halls, whether people actually separate their rubbish and so on. But when we started the background reading we realised that topic has been done to death, so we changed direction. The project is now about food waste, specifically how much edible food students throw away each week, and what the main reasons for that are. TUTOR: Food waste, good. That is more specific, and there is much better national data to compare your results against. Any problems so far? MARIA: Yes, actually, one thing is bothering me quite a lot. It is our survey. We put a questionnaire online and shared it in the halls group chats, and we have only had thirty responses so far. I just do not think thirty people is enough to say anything reliable about several thousand students. The sample is simply too small. JACOB: Although, to be fair, I thought the answers we did get were honest enough. People admitted to throwing away whole loaves of bread, bags of salad, that kind of thing. Nobody was trying to look perfect. MARIA: Oh no, I am not doubting they were honest. Some of the answers were almost embarrassingly honest. It is purely the number that worries me. If we only have thirty, one unusual person can move the whole average. TUTOR: That is a fair concern, and it shows you are thinking statistically, which is good. Now, some students in your position panic and change the topic completely, and I would definitely not do that at this stage of the term. You would lose all the reading you have done. What I would suggest instead is this: keep the survey running in the background, but add a small number of in-depth interviews. Even five or six interviews, twenty minutes each, would give you a kind of depth and detail that thirty short questionnaires simply cannot. You can ask people to actually describe what was in their bin this week. MARIA: I like that. Real examples would make the report much more interesting to read as well. JACOB: That makes sense. And how long should we keep collecting data? We were not sure whether to stop now or keep going. TUTOR: I would say two weeks from today. One week is really too short to see any pattern, because shopping habits vary so much from week to week, and a whole month would leave you no time to actually write the thing up before the deadline. MARIA: Two weeks it is, then. We can put it in the calendar today. TUTOR: And tell me honestly, what has been the hardest part of the project so far? JACOB: Honestly? The reading was not too bad, we shared it out between us, and so far we have kept to all our internal deadlines, which I am quite proud of. For me it has definitely been the statistics. Working out which tests we are supposed to use, and when, and what the results actually mean. MARIA: Same for me. The numbers have been the real struggle. I understood it in the lecture and then completely lost it when I sat down with our own data.

Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30.

Now listen and answer questions 26 to 30.

TUTOR: That is extremely common, and by the way, the library runs a statistics workshop every Friday lunchtime this term, so do go along to that, both of you. Right, before you leave, let us sort out exactly who is doing what, so nothing falls through the cracks. The questionnaire needs finishing and polishing before you send it to anyone else. Who is taking that? JACOB: I will design the questionnaire. I have already started laying it out, and I have rewritten a couple of the confusing questions, so it makes sense for me to finish it. MARIA: And I will analyse the numbers when the data comes in. I know I just said I find the statistics hard, but that is exactly why I want to do it. I need the practice before the exam, and the workshop should help. TUTOR: Good, that is the right attitude. What about the introduction to the report? That is the part the examiners read most carefully. JACOB: We talked about that on the way here, actually. We thought we would write the introduction together, because it has to set up both the survey part and the interview part, and we each know our own half best. TUTOR: Sensible, a joint introduction it is. And the slides for the final presentation? MARIA: I will do the slides. I genuinely enjoy that side of it, and Jacob's colour choices are, let us say, brave. JACOB: That is fair. In exchange, I will check the references at the end, go through the whole reference list and make sure everything is formatted correctly and nothing is missing. That is the kind of fiddly job I do not mind. TUTOR: Excellent. That is a very clear division of labour, much better than most groups manage. One last thing: send me the questionnaire before you launch it, and I will give you feedback within a day or two.

That is the end of section 3. You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Now turn to section 4.

SECTION 4

You will hear a lecture about the history of artificial light. First you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

LECTURER: Good morning, everyone. Today I want to trace a single thread through human history, and that is the story of artificial light. It is a wonderful example of how one technology can quietly reshape almost every part of daily life. We take the switch on the wall completely for granted, but for almost all of human history, light after sunset was scarce, expensive and precious, and most people simply organised their lives around the sun. So where does the story begin? The very earliest lamps, and we have examples that are tens of thousands of years old, were extremely simple: a hollow stone, or later a shaped bowl, in which people burned animal fat, with a twisted fibre of moss or plant material acting as a wick. The light they gave was dim, smoky and rather smelly, but it pushed back the dark, and it allowed the painting of caves and the mending of tools after sunset. It was, in a very real sense, the beginning of the evening. The Romans refined this technology considerably. Their lamps were usually made of clay, mass-produced in moulds by the thousand, and they burned olive oil, which was cleaner and steadier than fat. Wealthy households might own elaborate lamps in bronze, but for ordinary people clay was the standard material, and archaeologists find these little clay lamps in enormous numbers right across the former empire, from Britain to North Africa. Interestingly, for more than a thousand years after Rome, lighting barely improved at all. Candles made of tallow or beeswax, and simple oil lamps, remained the norm through the entire medieval period and beyond. If you could travel back and visit a home in the year 800 and another in the year 1700, the lighting would look remarkably similar. The next real revolution came with gas. In the early nineteenth century, gas lighting first appeared in city streets, beginning in London, and within a few decades most large European cities had followed. It is hard to overstate the effect. For the first time in history, public space was usable, and relatively safe, after dark. Shops stayed open later, theatres and restaurants flourished, and cities began to develop a genuine night-time economy. A whole profession of lamplighters appeared, walking their routes at dusk with long poles. Then, towards the end of the nineteenth century, came electricity. The early electric bulbs used a thin carbon filament sealed inside a glass bulb, heated by the current until it glowed white-hot. Later designs replaced carbon with metal, but the principle was the same. Now, why did electric light spread so quickly, even though it was initially more expensive than gas? The main advantage over any kind of flame was greater safety. An open flame is always a fire risk. Theatres, factories and crowded tenements burned down with terrible regularity in the gaslight era, and an enclosed electric bulb dramatically reduced fires in homes and, crucially, in workplaces. And that had a huge economic consequence: with safe, bright, reliable lighting, factories could now operate during the night, running shifts around the clock, which completely reshaped industry, labour patterns and, ultimately, the modern working day. But artificial light is not without its costs, and this is where current research comes in. The first issue is light pollution, the orange or white glow that hangs over our cities and washes out the stars. Around one third of humanity can no longer see the Milky Way from where they live. And it is more than an aesthetic loss. Artificial light at night can seriously disturb the migration of birds, many of which navigate at night using natural light from the moon and stars, and become disoriented around brightly lit buildings, sometimes with fatal results. Newly hatched sea turtles, similarly, can head towards beachfront hotels instead of the sea. It also affects insects, and there is growing evidence that it disrupts human sleep as well. On the positive side, technology is responding. Compared with the older incandescent and even fluorescent bulbs, modern LEDs save an enormous amount of energy, typically around eighty per cent, and they last many times longer, which is why cities all over the world are converting their street lighting. And looking ahead, I would predict that lighting will become much more intelligent: systems that dim automatically when a room is empty, that adjust to the level of daylight outside, and that gradually shift colour through the evening to match our natural body rhythms. So the story of artificial light is not finished. It is simply entering its next chapter.

That is the end of section 4. You now have half a minute to check your answers.

That is the end of the listening test. In the real exam you would now have ten minutes to transfer your answers to your answer sheet.

Listening answer key
1 Donovan2 standard3 454 14th5 swimming6 607 towel8 B9 B10 B 11 195812 Bluebell13 deer14 lake15 1116 A17 F18 G19 B20 C 21 B22 A23 B24 B25 B26 J27 M28 B29 M30 J 31 fat32 clay33 streets34 filament35 safety36 night37 pollution38 migration39 energy40 intelligent

Accepted variants: 4 “fourteenth”; 6 “sixty”; 15 “eleven” / “11am”. Spelling must be correct.

Score guide (out of 40): 36–40 ≈ Band 8.5+ · 30–35 ≈ Band 7–8 · 23–29 ≈ Band 6–6.5 · 16–22 ≈ Band 5–5.5.

02

Reading

3 passages, 40 questions, 60 minutes. There is no extra time to transfer answers in the real exam — type them as you go.

Passage 1 · Questions 1–13

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13.

The making of the spice trade

Long before container ships and refrigeration, an intricate network of overland caravans and monsoon-driven sea routes carried pepper, cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg from South and Southeast Asia to the kitchens, churches and pharmacies of Europe. To the modern mind, accustomed to spice racks bought cheaply at any supermarket, the importance once attached to these substances can be hard to grasp. Yet for well over a thousand years, spices were among the most valuable commodities on earth, and the desire to control them helped redraw the map of the world.

It would be a mistake to think that spices were prized in medieval Europe only as flavourings. They were certainly used to season food, but they were also valued as medicines, prescribed by physicians for everything from digestive complaints to plague; as preservatives and masking agents in an age without refrigeration; and, not least, as visible symbols of wealth. A host who could afford to season a banquet lavishly was advertising not merely good taste but money, status and far-reaching connections. Spices were given as diplomatic gifts and even used, on occasion, as currency.

The economics of the trade were extraordinary, and they rested on a simple geographical fact. In the islands where nutmeg and cloves actually grew, the spices were ordinary and inexpensive — a local crop, not a luxury. Their astonishing European price was created almost entirely by distance, by the physical risk of the journey, and by the sheer number of hands the goods passed through on the way. A sack of nutmeg that cost very little at its source might be sold, after months of dangerous travel and a dozen transactions, for many hundreds of times its original value. Because no single merchant controlled the whole route, value was added at every stage, and those who profited most were frequently the middlemen who never saw the plants growing at all.

This structure created an irresistible incentive: if a European power could find a direct sea route to the source and cut out the intermediaries, the rewards would be immense. That search drove the great voyages of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and when European ships finally reached the spice islands, the balance of the trade shifted decisively. The trading companies that followed did not merely wish to buy spices; they wanted to control where and how much was grown. In some cases cultivation was deliberately restricted to a few islands, and surplus trees were destroyed, in order to keep supply low and prices high. This conscious management of scarcity is an early and striking example of a commercial strategy still recognisable in some industries today. It also had severe consequences for the people who lived in those islands — a dimension that older, more romantic histories of exploration tended to pass over in silence.

Modern historians have revised the traditional story in two important ways. First, they stress that Asian, Arab and African traders were not passive suppliers waiting to be “discovered”; they ran sophisticated commercial networks, with their own credit systems, shipping and law, long before European arrival. Second, they emphasise that the exchange ran in both directions. Alongside the spices travelled techniques, words, plants and tastes, so that cuisines, languages and gardens on several continents were quietly reshaped. The history of the spice trade, once told mainly as a tale of European daring, is increasingly understood as a shared, unequal and deeply interconnected global story.

Questions 1–6

Do the statements agree with the information in the passage? Write TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN.

1 In medieval Europe, spices were valued only for their taste.

2 Middlemen often profited from spices without seeing where they were grown.

3 Nutmeg was expensive in the islands where it grew.

4 Some trading companies deliberately limited where spices could be grown.

5 The spice trade led to a war between two European countries.

6 Recent historians stress that Asian traders ran sophisticated networks.

Questions 7–10

Complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

7 Besides flavour and medicine, spices were valued as visible symbols of .

8 The high European price came from distance, risk and the number of the goods passed through.

9 Restricting cultivation was a deliberate way to keep high.

10 Along the trade routes, techniques, words, plants and also travelled.

Questions 11–13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11According to the passage, the scarcity of spices in Europe was created mainly by
12The deliberate control of where spices grew is described as
13The main purpose of the final paragraph is to
Passage 1 answer key
1 FALSE2 TRUE3 FALSE4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 wealth8 hands9 prices10 tastes11 B12 C13 B

Notes: 1 FALSE — they were also medicines, preservatives and status symbols. 3 FALSE — “ordinary and inexpensive” at source. 5 NOT GIVEN — no war between two countries is mentioned. 8 “middlemen” also accepted.

Passage 2 · Questions 14–26

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26.

How cities cool themselves

A   On a still summer afternoon, the centre of a large city can be several degrees hotter than the open countryside only a few kilometres away. This well-documented phenomenon, known as the urban heat island, has a set of interlocking causes. Dark roofs and asphalt absorb sunlight and re-radiate it as heat; tall buildings trap that heat in narrow streets; there is a shortage of vegetation to provide shade and moisture; and engines, factories and air-conditioning units pour additional warmth into the air. As the share of humanity living in cities continues to climb, and as heatwaves grow more frequent, managing urban heat has shifted from a question of comfort to one of public health, since extreme heat kills more people in many countries than any other weather hazard.

B   One of the most effective responses is also one of the oldest: trees. A mature street tree cools its surroundings in two distinct ways. It casts shade, lowering the temperature of the pavements and walls beneath it, and it releases water vapour through its leaves, which cools the surrounding air much as sweat cools skin. Field studies in cities from Melbourne to Manchester have measured noticeably lower temperatures along well-planted streets compared with bare ones nearby. The difficulty is one of time and upkeep. A newly planted sapling provides almost no benefit; trees grow slowly, and a street must be planted, watered and protected for many years before the full cooling effect arrives. The investment is real, and its reward is delayed.

C   A faster intervention is, in effect, to change the colour of the city. Painting roofs white, or surfacing them with reflective materials, and using pale rather than dark paving, sends a large fraction of incoming sunlight straight back to the sky instead of letting it become heat. The physics is simple and well understood, and several cities have run large “cool roof” programmes covering millions of square metres. There is a limitation, however. A bright roof markedly reduces the temperature of the roof itself and the rooms beneath it, but its effect on the air down at street level, where people actually walk, is smaller. Reflective surfaces therefore work best as one element of a wider strategy rather than as a complete solution on their own.

D   Water offers a third route. Fountains, ponds, canals and even fine mists lower the temperature of the air immediately around them, again through evaporation: as liquid water turns to vapour it draws heat out of the air. Designers increasingly weave small water features into squares and plazas for precisely this reason, and historic cities in hot climates have used courtyards and channels in this way for centuries. The trade-off is obvious in dry regions, where water is scarce and the competing demands on it are severe; a cooling fountain can be hard to justify where drinking water is rationed.

E   The most promising approach is to stop searching for a single cure and instead treat the problem as a system. Combining shade trees, reflective surfaces, shaded walkways, water features and thoughtful building orientation produces a result greater than the sum of the individual measures. Just as important is the question of where these interventions are placed. The burden of urban heat is not shared equally: poorer districts typically have fewer trees, more hard surfaces and less greenery than wealthy ones, and they often house the people most vulnerable to heat. Deciding where cooling is installed, then, is not only a technical matter but a question of fairness.

Questions 14–18

The passage has five paragraphs, A–E. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph and type the paragraph letter (A–E) in the box.

14 Heading: “A slow but proven natural method” — paragraph

15 Heading: “Why cities heat up” — paragraph

16 Heading: “Combining methods, and a question of fairness” — paragraph

17 Heading: “Reflecting sunlight away” — paragraph

18 Heading: “Cooling through evaporation” — paragraph

Questions 19–22

Do the statements agree with the passage? Write TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN.

19 In summer, city centres are usually cooler than the surrounding countryside.

20 Street trees cool the air partly by releasing water vapour.

21 Cool-roof programmes are cheaper than planting trees.

22 Poorer districts typically have fewer trees than wealthy ones.

Questions 23–26

Complete the summary. Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

23 Cities grow hot because dark surfaces absorb ,

24 there is a shortage of , and machines add heat.

25 Trees help, but they grow .

26 The best results come from treating the problem as a .

Passage 2 answer key
14 B15 A16 E17 C18 D19 FALSE20 TRUE21 NOT GIVEN22 TRUE23 sunlight24 vegetation25 slowly26 system

Notes: 21 NOT GIVEN — the passage never compares the cost of the two methods. 19 FALSE — city centres are hotter, not cooler.

Passage 3 · Questions 27–40

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40.

The science of habit

Why is it so hard to change what we do, even when we sincerely want to and know exactly what we ought to do instead? For a long time the standard answer was a moral one: people who failed to change simply lacked willpower. Research into the psychology and neuroscience of habit over the past few decades suggests that this answer is not just unkind but largely wrong. A great deal of everyday behaviour is not the product of conscious decision at all. Instead, habits are learned sequences that the brain gradually hands over to automatic control in order to save effort.

The mechanism is often described as a loop with three parts. A cue — a particular time of day, a place, the presence of certain people, or an emotional state such as boredom or stress — triggers a routine, a more or less fixed sequence of actions, which in turn delivers some reward. Each time the loop runs and the reward arrives, the link between cue and routine is strengthened, until eventually the cue alone is almost enough to set the whole sequence in motion with little conscious thought. This automation is genuinely useful. If every small action of the day required deliberate reasoning, ordinary life would be exhausting and slow; habit frees attention for things that actually need it.

The same mechanism, however, explains why unwanted behaviours are so stubborn. Willpower, the popular hero of self-improvement books, turns out on close study to be a limited and unreliable resource: it varies with sleep, stress and hunger, and it tends to fail at exactly the moments we most need it. People who succeed in changing a habit rarely do so by gritting their teeth and resisting harder. Instead, they tend to redesign the cues and rewards around them so that the desired behaviour becomes the path of least resistance.

One of the most consistent findings is that it is far easier to replace a habit than to erase it. The cue and the craving are difficult to remove directly, but the routine in the middle of the loop can be swapped. The recommended strategy is therefore to keep the same cue and the same reward but to insert a new routine between them. Someone who reaches for sugary snacks whenever they feel stressed, for instance, may find it much more effective to substitute a brief walk — which still answers the cue of stress and still delivers a reward — than to rely on sheer resistance, which the research suggests will usually collapse.

Environment matters more than most people assume. Studies of individuals who move house, change jobs or have a child show that a disruption to the usual routine opens a brief window during which new habits form unusually easily, because the old cues are temporarily absent. This finding quietly undermines the popular emphasis on personal discipline: changing where and when something happens is often more powerful than trying to want it more. None of this implies that change is simple or quick. Habits laid down over many years are not rewritten in a fortnight, and progress is typically uneven, with relapses along the way. But the overall picture the research offers is more encouraging than the harsh language of failure and willpower suggests: behaviour is genuinely malleable, provided we work with the machinery of the brain rather than against it.

Questions 27–31

Do the statements agree with the writer’s views? Write YES, NO or NOT GIVEN.

27 Most everyday behaviour is the result of conscious choice.

28 The automation of habits serves a useful purpose.

29 Willpower is the most reliable way to change a habit.

30 A major life change such as moving house can make new habits easier to form.

31 Most people overestimate the influence of their environment.

Questions 32–36

Complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

32 Each habit loop begins with a .

33 The brain automates habits in order to save .

34 It is much easier to replace a habit than to it.

35 The recommended strategy keeps the cue and reward but changes the .

36 A disruption to routine opens a brief for change.

Questions 37–40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

37The writer describes willpower as
38The example of stress snacking is used mainly to show that
39The writer’s overall tone in the final paragraph is
40The main idea of the passage is that lasting change works best when we
Passage 3 answer key
27 NO28 YES29 NO30 YES31 NO32 cue33 effort34 erase35 routine36 window37 B38 B39 C40 B

Notes: 31 NO — the writer argues people underestimate environment and overrate discipline. 27 NO — “not the product of conscious decision at all”.

Reading score guide (out of 40): 37–40 ≈ Band 9 · 33–36 ≈ Band 8 · 30–32 ≈ Band 7.5 · 27–29 ≈ Band 7 · 23–26 ≈ Band 6.5.

03

Writing

60 minutes. Task 1: at least 150 words in about 20 minutes. Task 2: at least 250 words in about 40 minutes. Task 2 carries more weight.

Task 1 · Academic

The chart below shows the percentage of households with internet access in four countries in 2010 and 2020. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.  Spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Households with internet access (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100 75 95 70 90 30 65 10 50 Germany Japan Brazil India 2010 2020
Percentage of households with an internet connection, 2010 vs 2020.
Band 9 model answer (Task 1)
The bar chart compares the proportion of households with an internet connection in four countries — Germany, Japan, Brazil and India — in 2010 and 2020.

Overall, internet access rose substantially in every country over the decade. The two developed nations, Germany and Japan, already had high levels of access in 2010 and remained the leaders in 2020, whereas Brazil and India began from a far lower base but experienced the steepest growth.

In 2010, around three-quarters of households in Germany (75%) and 70% in Japan were connected, compared with just 30% in Brazil and only 10% in India. By 2020 these figures had climbed to 95% and 90% respectively, meaning almost universal access in both developed countries.

The most dramatic change occurred in the developing economies. Brazil more than doubled its figure, from 30% to 65%, while India recorded the largest relative increase of all, rising fivefold from 10% to 50%. Despite this rapid progress, India still had the lowest level of household internet access in both years.

Why this is Band 9: a clear overview (all rose; developed lead, developing grew fastest); accurate figures and comparisons; varied language (“more than doubled”, “rising fivefold”, “from a far lower base”); approx. 175 words.

Task 2 · Essay

In many countries, people are working longer hours and have less leisure time than in the past. What are the causes of this trend, and what effects does it have on individuals and society?

Write at least 250 words.  Spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Band 9 model answer (Task 2)
In a growing number of countries, working hours are lengthening while genuine free time shrinks. This essay will first examine the principal causes of this trend before considering its consequences for both individuals and the wider society.

Several factors explain the increase in working hours. The most significant is economic insecurity: as the cost of housing, healthcare and other essentials rises faster than wages, many people simply must work longer to maintain their standard of living. A second cause is technological. Smartphones and email have blurred the line between the workplace and the home, so that employees remain reachable, and effectively on duty, long after they have physically left the office. Finally, in many workplace cultures visible overwork is rewarded with status and promotion, which creates pressure to stay late regardless of how much is actually produced.

The effects of this trend are largely negative. For individuals, chronic overwork is strongly associated with stress, disturbed sleep and damaged relationships, since the time and energy needed for family and health are steadily squeezed out. At the level of society, the consequences are subtler but serious. Exhausted employees tend to be less productive and more prone to error, which can quietly cancel out the very gains employers hope to achieve. Communities also weaken when people are too tired to take part in them, from volunteering to simply knowing their neighbours.

In conclusion, longer working hours stem mainly from economic pressure, constant connectivity and cultural expectations, and they tend to harm health, relationships and even productivity itself. Addressing the problem will require not only better individual choices but a genuine change in how workplaces define commitment.

Why this is Band 9: both questions fully answered; causes and effects clearly separated; ideas developed with reasoning, not lists; precise language (“economic insecurity”, “blurred the line”); 276 words.

Check this before you submit

Did I answer every part of the question?

Is my position or structure clear from the first paragraph?

Does each body paragraph develop one clear idea with a reason or example?

Did I write at least 250 words (Task 2) / 150 words (Task 1)?

Did I leave 3–4 minutes to check grammar, spelling and punctuation?

04

Speaking

11–14 minutes in three parts. Record yourself answering, then compare with the models. The same test format is used for Academic and General Training.

Part 1 · Interview (4–5 min)

Topic: work or study, and free time

Do you work, or are you a student?

What do you enjoy most about it?

How do you usually spend your free time?

Has the way you spend your free time changed since you were a child?

Sample answer + why it works
Q: Has the way you spend your free time changed since you were a child?
Quite a lot, actually. As a child I was almost always outdoors — I’d play football in the street with whoever was around until it got dark. These days my free time is much quieter; I mostly read, or meet a couple of close friends for coffee. I suppose I’ve come to value calm a great deal more than I did back then.

It answers directly, draws a clear then/now contrast, and finishes with a short reflective comment — natural, not memorised.

Part 2 · Long turn (3–4 min)

Cue card

Describe a decision you made that turned out well. You should say:
• what the decision was
• when and why you made it
• how you felt at the time
and explain why it turned out to be a good decision.

You have 1 minute to prepare and may make notes. Then speak for 1–2 minutes.

Model long turn + planning notes

Planning notes: decision = move to a new city for a course · when = two years ago, felt stuck · felt = nervous + excited · why good = better opportunities, more independent, lasting friendships.

The decision I’d like to talk about is moving to a different city in order to take a course I’d wanted to do for a long time. I made it about two years ago. The main reason was that I’d felt genuinely stuck where I was — I wanted a real fresh start rather than just complaining about things and staying put.

At the time I felt a strange mixture of nervous and excited. I was nervous because I didn’t know a single person there and the course was demanding; but I was excited because, for the first time in a while, it felt like I was actually doing something instead of waiting for life to improve.

Looking back, it turned out to be one of the best choices I’ve ever made. Professionally it opened doors that simply wouldn’t have existed otherwise, but honestly the bigger change was personal: I became far more independent and self-assured, and I made a small group of friends I’m still very close to. So although it was uncomfortable at first, it’s a decision I’ve never once regretted.

All four bullet points are covered, the notes are used loosely rather than read out, and the answer runs to roughly 1 minute 50 seconds.

Part 3 · Discussion (4–5 min)

Decisions and society

Why do some people find it difficult to make decisions?

Is it better to make important decisions quickly or slowly?

Should important decisions always involve other people?

How has technology changed the way people make choices?

How to reach Band 7+ in Part 3

1 Use the pattern opinion → reason → example every time.

2 Show range with phrases like “it largely depends on”, “broadly speaking”, “there’s a strong argument that…”

3 Acknowledge both sides before you conclude.

4 Buy thinking time naturally: “That’s an interesting question — I’d say…”

How this test is scored

Listening and Reading: your raw score out of 40 converts to a band (see each section’s guide). Writing and Speaking: four equally weighted criteria each — Task Response / Fluency, Coherence & Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range & Accuracy. The overall band is the average of the four skills, rounded to the nearest half band.

Want this test marked by a real teacher?

Send your Writing answers or book a free 20-minute assessment, and you’ll get a band estimate plus the three things to fix first.